Expandable vertebral implant

ABSTRACT

A joint spacer therapeutically maintains separation of bones of a joint. A carriage is slideably retained within the frame and has at least one ramped surface. An actuator screw is threadably engaged with the frame, and rotatably connected to the carriage, to cause the carriage to slideably move within the frame when the actuator screw is rotated. First and second endplates engage the bones of the joint, and each has at least one ramped surface that is mateable with the ramped surface of the carriage, whereby when the carriage is slideably moved by rotation of the actuator screw, the endplates ramped surface slides against the carriage ramped surface to cause the endplates to move along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis of the frame, to increase the height of the spacer. Piercing elements are connected to the carriage to pierce bone of the joint when the carriage is moved.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/711,204, filed Dec. 11, 2012. This application is also a continuation-in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/940,322, filed on Nov. 13, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/845,645, filed on Apr. 3, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,216,095, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/451,230, filed on Apr. 19, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,518,120, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/440,158, filed on Apr. 5, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,679,183, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/823,736, filed on Jun. 25, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,685,098. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/451,230 is also continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/273,994, filed on Oct. 14, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,126, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/579,833, filed on Oct. 15, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,062,375. The disclosures of all are being incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to stabilizing adjacent vertebrae of the spine by inserting an intervertebral spacer, and more particularly an intervertebral spacer that is adjustable in height.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bones and bony structures are susceptible to a variety of weaknesses that can affect their ability to provide support and structure. Weaknesses in bony structures have numerous potential causes, including degenerative diseases, tumors, fractures, and dislocations. Advances in medicine and engineering have provided doctors with a plurality of devices and techniques for alleviating or curing these weaknesses.

In some cases, the spinal column requires additional support in order to address such weaknesses. One technique for providing support is to insert a spacer between adjacent vertebrae.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the disclosure, a joint spacer for therapeutically maintaining a separation of bones of a joint, comprises a frame having distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis extending therebetween; a carriage slideably retained within the frame and having at least one ramped surface, the carriage further including a threaded portion; an actuator screw threadably engaged with the frame, the actuator screw configured to bear against the carriage to cause the carriage to slideably move within the frame when the actuator screw is rotated; a first endplate configured to engage a first bone of the joint, and having at least one surface mateable with the at least one carriage ramped surface, whereby when the carriage is slideably moveable by rotation of the actuator screw, the at least one endplate ramped surface slides against the at least one carriage ramped surface to cause the first endplate to move along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis to increase a height of the spacer; and a second endplate configured to engage a second bone of the joint.

In one embodiment thereof, the carriage includes at least two ramped surfaces, and the second endplate includes at least one ramped surface mateable with at least one of the at least two ramped surfaces of the carriage, whereby when the carriage is slideably moved by rotation of the actuator screw, the at least one second endplate ramped surface slides against the at least one additional carriage ramped surface to cause the second endplate to move along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis to increase a height of the spacer.

In other embodiments thereof, the first endplate is configured to abut the frame as the first endplate is moved along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis, whereby the first endplate moves substantially only along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis; the first endplate includes at least one aperture through which a fastener may pass to secure the first endplate to a bone of the joint; the spacer further includes a blocking mechanism to prevent backing out of a fastener passed through the first endplate; and the first endplate includes one or more projections configured to engage bone of the joint when the implant is positioned between bones of the joint.

In further embodiments thereof, at least one of the first and second endplates is composed of two interconnected portions of dissimilar materials; one of the dissimilar materials is metallic and includes at least one aperture through which a fastener may be passed to attach the implant to a bone of the joint; and one dissimilar material is polymeric, and another dissimilar material is metallic.

In yet further embodiments thereof, the actuator screw includes a flange, and the carriage includes a flange rotatably mateable with the actuator screw flange; the spacer further includes a thrust washer interposed between the actuator screw and the carriage; the spacer further includes a polymeric material configured to press against the actuator screw to reduce a potential for unintended rotation of the actuator screw; and the spacer further includes a plate having at least one aperture sized and dimensioned to receive an elongated fastener for fastening the spacer to bone of the joint, the plate being releasably detachable from the spacer to reduce an profile of the spacer during insertion of the spacer into the body, the plate attached to the spacer inside the body.

In other embodiments thereof, the plate and the frame include mating portions of a twist-lock connector operable to connect the plate to the frame when the spacer is inside the body; the plate and the frame include mating portions of a snap-fit interference connector operable to connect the plate to the frame when the spacer is inside the body; the plate includes hinged portions, the hinged portions foldable to reduce a profile of the plate during insertion of the plate into the body; the at least one surface mateable with the at least one carriage ramped surface is at least one ramp; the at least one carriage ramp is disposed upon at least one cam, the cam rotatable to bear the at least one carriage ramp against the at least one surface of the first endplate; the first endplate includes a rotatable portion having first and second transverse axes of different lengths; and the rotatable portion is passable through an interior of the spacer.

In other embodiments thereof, the first endplate includes an aperture sized and dimensioned to receive an elongated fastener operable to pass through the aperture to affix the spacer to bone of the joint, the aperture movable with the first endplate as the first endplate is moved along the axis transverse to the longitudinal axis; and the first endplate includes a first portion having at least one aperture through which a fastener may pass to secure the first endplate to a bone of the joint, and a second portion configured to support bone of the joint, the first and second portions mutually connected by a dovetail connection.

In additional embodiments thereof, the spacer further includes a rotatable plate having at least two apertures through each of which a fastener may pass to secure the spacer to a bone of the joint, the rotatable plate rotatable after the spacer has been implanted within the body, to overlie the at least two apertures with bone of the joint; the spacer further includes a rotatable plate having at least two apertures through each of which a fastener may pass to secure the spacer to a bone of the joint, the rotatable plate rotatable after the spacer has been implanted within the body, to overlie the at least two apertures with bone of the joint; the spacer further includes at least one rotatable plate having an aperture through which a fastener may pass to secure the spacer to a bone of the joint, the rotatable plate rotatable after the spacer has been implanted within the body, to overlie the aperture with bone of the joint; and the spacer further includes at least two plates rotatably connectable to the spacer, each plate slidably connected to the other by a dovetail joint, each plate having at least one aperture through which a fastener may pass to secure the spacer to bone of the joint, the plates rotatable after the spacer has been implanted within the body, and each of the at least two plates slideable with respect to the other, to overlie the aperture of each plate with bone of the joint.

In yet further embodiments thereof, at least one of the carriage ramped surfaces is operative to push a piercing element through an aperture in the first endplate, the piercing element operative to pierce bone of the joint to secure the spacer within the body; the spacer further includes a bone screw having bone engaging threads and gear teeth, and the actuator screw including gear teeth engageable with the gear teeth of the bone screw, the actuator screw thereby rotated when the bone screw is threaded into bone of the joint; the spacer further includes a plate having an aperture through which a fastener may be passed to connect the spacer to bone of the joint, the plate including a dovetail portion; and the first endplate including a dovetail portion mateable with the dovetail portion of the plate, the plate and the first endplate thereby securely connectable to each other; and the spacer further includes a channel formed within the first endplate, the channel sized and dimensioned to receive an elongate portion of a fastener operative to secure the spacer within the body.

In other embodiments thereof, the spacer further includes at least one elongate rotatable deployer pivotally connected to the frame; at least one piercing element connected to the deployer, the at least one piercing element operable to pierce bone of the joint when the rotatable deployer is rotated within the body; the at least one piercing element is pivotally connected to the deployer to thereby enter bone of the body at a desired angle relative to a plane of the first endplate; the at least one rotatable deployer rotates about a common axis with respect to the actuator screw; the at least one rotatable deployer rotates when the actuator screw is rotated; and the at least one rotatable deployer rotates independently of the actuator screw.

In yet further embodiments thereof, the first endplate is pivotally connected to the frame; the first endplate pivots about the pivotal connection, about an axis extending transverse to the longitudinal axis; and the first endplate is connected to the frame to allow roll, pitch, and yaw movement of the first endplate with respect to the frame.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, a joint spacer for therapeutically maintaining a separation of bones of a joint, comprises a frame having distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis extending therebetween; a carriage slideably retained within the frame and having at least one ramped surface, the carriage further including a flange; an actuator screw threadably engaged with the frame, the actuator screw including a flange rotatably mateable with the carriage flange, whereby the carriage is slideably moved when the actuator screw is rotated; a first endplate configured to engage a first bone of the joint, and having at least one ramped surface mateable with the at least one carriage ramped surface, whereby when the carriage is slideably moved by rotation of the actuator screw in a first direction, the at least one endplate ramped surface slides against the at least one carriage ramped surface to cause the first endplate to move along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis to increase a height of the spacer; and a second endplate configured to engage a second bone of the joint.

In various embodiments thereof, when the actuator screw is rotated in an opposite, second direction, the at least one endplate ramped surface is slideable against the at least one carriage ramped surface to cause the first endplate to move along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis to decrease a height of the spacer; the first endplate includes a metallic portion having an aperture through which a fastener may be passed for connecting the implant to body tissue, the first endplate further having a polymeric portion connected to the metallic portion, the polymeric portion sized and dimensioned to support a bone of the joint; the frame and the first endplate include mateable dovetailed portions configured to maintain an orientation of the first endplate and the frame when the first endplate is positioned proximate the frame.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, a method for therapeutically maintaining a separation of bones of a joint, comprises inserting a spacer between bones of the joint, the spacer including—a frame having distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis extending therebetween; a carriage slideably retained within the frame and having at least one ramped surface, the carriage further including a flange; an actuator screw threadably engaged with the frame, the actuator screw including a flange rotatably mateable with the carriage flange, whereby the carriage is slideably moved when the actuator screw is rotated; a first endplate configured to engage a first bone of the joint, and having at least one ramped surface mateable with the at least one carriage ramped surface, whereby when the carriage is slideably moved by rotation of the actuator screw in a first direction, the at least one endplate ramped surface slides against the at least one carriage ramped surface to cause the first endplate to move along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis to increase a height of the spacer; and a second endplate configured to engage a second bone of the joint; the spacer inserted when the first endplate is positioned proximate the frame; and slideably moving, by rotation of the actuator screw, the at least one endplate ramped surface against the at least one carriage ramped surface to cause the first endplate to move along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis to increase a height of the spacer to maintain a separation of bones of the joint.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the present invention, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a perspective view of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, including bone fasteners, the spacer in a reduced height, or compressed configuration;

FIG. 2 depicts the spacer of FIG. 1, in an increased height, or expanded configuration;

FIG. 3 depicts a front view of the spacer of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 depicts a front view of the spacer of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 depicts a cross-section taken through a center of the spacer of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 depicts a top view of the spacer of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of a possible implantation location in the body, for the spacer of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 depicts an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, including a fixation plate that is removeably connectable to a remainder of the spacer, the fixation plate shown removed;

FIG. 9 depicts a connector for connecting the fixation plate to a remainder of the spacer, with respect to FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 depicts the spacer of FIG. 8, the fixation plate attached;

FIG. 11 depicts a reverse side of the spacer of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 depicts a front view of the spacer of FIG. 10;

FIG. 13 depicts a side view of an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, the spacer including a detached fixation plate having a snap-fit attachment;

FIG. 14 depicts the spacer of FIG. 13, the fixation plate snap-fit into attachment;

FIG. 15 depicts the fixation plate of FIG. 13;

FIG. 16 depicts a hinged fixation plate in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 13;

FIG. 17 depicts the hinged fixation plate of FIG. 16, the hinged portions folded, and further showing barbs upon the hinged portion;

FIG. 18 depicts an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, including cams operative to increase a height of the spacer, the spacer in a reduced height configuration;

FIG. 19 depicts the spacer of FIG. 18, the cams actuated to increase a height of the spacer;

FIG. 20 depicts an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, the spacer including rotatable endplate portions;

FIG. 21 depicts an end view of the spacer of FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 depicts the spacer of FIG. 21, the rotatable endplate portion rotated;

FIG. 23 depicts an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, having endplates that translate together with endplates, as endplates are moved to increase a height of the spacer;

FIG. 24 depicts the spacer of FIG. 23, the spacer expanded to have an increased or expanded height;

FIG. 25 depicts a side view of an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, the spacer having connectable fixation portions and endplate support portions;

FIG. 26 depicts a cross-section of the spacer of FIG. 25;

FIG. 27 illustrates an embodiment of a spacer including connectable fixation portions and endplate support portions, the portions connectable by a dovetailed connection;

FIG. 28 depicts a cross-section of the device of FIG. 27;

FIG. 29 depicts an embodiment of a spacer of the disclosure, including a rotatable fixation plate;

FIG. 30 depicts the spacer of FIG. 29, the fixation plate rotated;

FIG. 30A depicts an embodiment of a spacer of the disclosure, including two rotatable fixation plates, rotated to a deployment position;

FIG. 31 depicts an embodiment of a spacer of the disclosure including two rotatable fixation portions connected by a sliding dovetail connection;

FIG. 32 depicts the spacer of FIG. 31, the fixation portions relatively displaced and rotated;

FIG. 33 depicts a cross-section the spacer of FIG. 31;

FIG. 34 depicts an embodiment of a spacer of the disclosure, including deployable piercing elements;

FIG. 35 depicts the spacer of FIG. 34, the piercing elements deployed;

FIG. 36 depicts an embodiment of a spacer of the disclosure, including a bone fixation device having gear teeth mateable with gear teeth of an endplate actuator screw;

FIG. 37 depicts the spacer of FIG. 36, the bone fixation device deployed to engage bone, and to increase a height of the spacer;

FIG. 38 depicts an embodiment of a spacer of the disclosure, including a dovetail connection between a fixation portion, and a bone endplate support portion;

FIG. 39 depicts the fixation portion of the spacer of FIG. 38;

FIG. 40 depicts the bone endplate support portion of the spacer of FIG. 38;

FIG. 41 depicts an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, including channels in endplate portions;

FIG. 42 depicts a top view of an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure having deployment arms rotatably supporting piercing elements;

FIG. 43 depicts a cross section of the spacer of FIG. 42;

FIG. 44 depicts the spacer of FIG. 43, the piercing elements deployed;

FIG. 45 depicts an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, including a deployment arm having a common axis with an actuator screw;

FIG. 46 depicts a cross section of the spacer of FIG. 45;

FIG. 47 depicts the spacer of FIG. 46, the piercing elements deployed;

FIG. 48 illustrates an alternative spacer in accordance with FIG. 45, the deployment arm independently rotatable; and

FIG. 49 illustrates an embodiment of a spacer in accordance with the disclosure, an endplate pivotable about a transverse axis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As required, detailed embodiments are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples and that the systems and methods described below can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present subject matter in virtually any appropriately detailed structure and function. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting, but rather, to provide an understandable description of the concepts.

The terms “a” or “an”, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term plurality, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term another, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms “including” and “having,” as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language).

With reference to FIGS. 1-7, spacer 100 is operative, when positioned between adjacent bones of a joint, such as for example vertebrae 10, 12 (shown in FIG. 7), to stabilize a joint formed between adjacent vertebrae. Spacer 100 has a collapsed state or height, illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3, and an expanded state or height, illustrated in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5. Spacers 100 of the disclosure may be inset into the intervertebral disc space at a collapsed height, and then expand axially (superior/inferior) to restore height loss in the disc space. Spacer 100 provides distraction as well as achieves optimal separation of adjacent vertebrae, or disc height restoration. When inserted in a collapsed state, Spacers 100 have a reduced height profile which reduces adverse impact to tissue adjacent to and within the joint space during insertion, while presenting the least visually blocking or physically obstructing profile. Spacer 100 may be reduced in height after implantation, for example by inserting a tool through a minimal incision, to perform a therapeutic height adjustment. Spacer 100 may also be reduced in height to a compressed configuration, to facilitate removal from the body. Spacer 100 supports the cortical rim of adjacent vertebrae, and distributes forces across the vertebra, thereby maximizing vertebral endplate preservation.

Spacer 100 includes two separable endplates 110, 112. A surface 114 of an endplate 110, 112 can be provided with teeth or other projections 116 which can penetrate body tissue to reduce a likelihood of migration of spacer 100 after implantation. Spacer 100 is further secured with one or more fasteners, such as bone screws 300, which pass through an adapter, such as bone screw socket 118 within spacer 100, and into body tissue of the patient. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, two sockets 118 for two bone screws are provided, although one or more than two fasteners and fastener adapters, may be provided. Bone screws 300 can be retained in connection with spacer 100 by blocking fasteners 120. Bone screw 300 can be a polyaxial screw, and sockets 118 correspondingly shaped, whereby bone screw 300 may be inserted into body tissue at an optimal angle with respect to spacer 100, whereby optimal purchase may be obtained, or certain body tissue may be avoided.

Endplates 110, 112 are moveably connectable to an actuator 150 operable to change a relative relationship of endplates 110 and 112. Actuator 150 includes a frame 152 rotatably supporting an actuator screw 154, and a moveable carriage 156. As actuator screw 154 rotates within frame 152, carriage 156 slides within frame 152, driven by cooperation between threads 158 upon actuator screw 154, and mating threads 160 within frame 152. An implantation tool engagement surface 330 may be provided upon or within spacer 100, configured to receive a tool to enable secure manipulation of spacer 100 during implantation or removal from the body.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-6, endplates 110 and 112 are formed in two connected portions, including a portion 122, 122A which can be polymeric, for example PEEK, and a fixation portion 124, 124A, which can be metallic, for example titanium, although other materials may be used. For example, material used for fixation portion 124 should withstand the bending forces exerted by a fastener, for example bone screw 300, passing therethrough. In contrast, endplate material advantageously resiliently withstands a pressure applied by weight of the body. In this regard, both materials could also be polymeric, for example, but of different types of polymer.

The portions 122, 124 or 122A and 124A are joined in the embodiment shown by screws, a mechanical interlock, adhesive, or other fasteners, possibly in combination, as explained further herein. Metallic portions 124, 124A can provide greater strength for portions of spacer 100 which are under relatively greater stress, for example portions through which a fastener may pass to anchor spacer 100 within the body. While portions 122, 122A, 124, 124A are described as polymeric or metallic, it should be understood that other materials may be used, and that the portions can be of similar or dissimilar materials, as described further herein.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 3, it may be seen that spacer 100 is in a compressed state, having a lower height relative to an expanded state, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 4. A functioning of device 100 may be best understood with reference to FIG. 5, which is a cross-section through the center of spacer 100. Endplates 110 and 112 are provided with ramps 164, sized to slidingly receive ramps 168 disposed upon carriage 156. While three mating ramps 164, 168 are illustrated for each endplate 110, 112, it should be understood that one, two, or more than three sets of ramps 164, 168 may be provided. Mating ramps 164, 168 operate to enable a reduction or increase in height by sliding against each other as actuator screw 154 is rotated. Interlocking flanges 204, 204A rotatably couple actuator screw 154 and carriage 156, whereby actuator screw may rotate and advance or retard in connection with frame 152, concomitantly advancing or retarding carriage 156 along a longitudinal axis of spacer 100 extending from a distal end 186 and a proximal end 182 of frame 152. A reduction in height is further fostered by a pressure exerted by body tissue.

As may further be seen in FIG. 5, ramps 164 can include channels 164A within endplates 110, 112, and ramps 168 may include dovetail portions 168A which extend into ramps 164. By projecting a dovetail portion 168A of ramp 168 into channels 164A, endplates are moveably affixed to carriage 156. Dovetail portions 168A and channels 164A may further support a predetermined relative orientation of endplates 110, 112 when in a compressed or expanded configuration, while they are being expanded, and when spacer 100 is inserted and removed from the body. It should further be understood that a relative orientation of endplates 110, 112 may be substantially parallel, or may be non-parallel, for example to produce an effective lordosis. Further, planes defined by an interior portion of endplates 110, 112 may be relatively parallel, but bone contacting surfaces may be relatively non-parallel.

Carriage 156 is alternatively or further supported by frame 152 by lateral engagement means, in the embodiment shown there are two support screws 174 engaged with carriage 156, and passable through respective channels 176 formed in frame 152.

A hex driver (not shown) is inserted into engagement with an end of actuator screw 154 at a proximal end 182 of frame 152. As actuator screw 154 is turned, distal end 172 bears against a thrust washer 184, and an end portion of frame 152. As actuator screw 154 rotates in one direction, carriage 156 is driven along actuator screw by interaction of threads 158 and 160 and flanges 204, 204A. As carriage 156 moves, endplates 110, 112 are urged to move along ramps 168, and 168A if present, causing endplates 110, 112 to thereby moving relatively apart, and to increase a height of spacer 100. Endplates 110, 112 are moved relative to carriage 156 by abutting against an end portion 186 of frame 152. End portion 186 can include an internal ramped surface 170 mateable with a ramp 168, as shown in this embodiment, thereby providing additional stability in an expanded configuration.

In a given orientation, one of endplate 110 and 112 is an upper endplate with respect to an orientation in a standing patient. However, spacer 100 may, in some embodiments, be implantable in either of opposite orientations, and therefore designations of upper and lower are provided for ease of understanding, only. It should further be understood that only one of endplate 110, 112 may be moveable with respect to the other. For example, in one embodiment, ramps 168, 168A may not be provided, and endplate 112 may be attached to frame 152.

FIG. 7 illustrates a spacer 100 of the disclosure implanted between adjacent vertebrae 10, 12. Frame 152 defines a distal or leading end 186 which is inserted first into the body, and a proximal or trailing end 182 which passes last into the body, the distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis extending therebetween. Spacer 100 can be inserted into the body, and into a position between vertebrae, using minimally invasive methods, for example using a small incision, and spacer 100 may be passed through a cannula or other structure which maintains a pathway through body tissue. Spacer 100 may be inserted into the spinal column through any approach, including anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, or posterior. A portion of the disc annulus, and nucleus pulposus may be removed in order to form a space into which spacer 100 may be inserted.

Spacer 100 can be inserted when configured to have a lower height profile, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, whereby an extent of distraction of body tissue may be reduced during insertion. Moreover, to the extent that spacer 100 is used to open a pathway towards an implantation site, trauma to adjacent tissue is reduced relative to inserting a spacer having a final height profile. Once spacer 100 is positioned between adjacent vertebrae, actuator screw is rotated by a tool. The tool may be positioned entirely within the body, or can extend from in interior of the body to outside the body, for example having a driving tip at one end and having a handle at an opposite end, with a shaft extending into the body between each end.

Once actuator screw 154 has been rotated to separate endplates 110, 112 a desired amount, the tool is removed. At this point, actuator screw 154 may be secured in place, for example using a mechanical block, or an adhesive, to prevent unintended rotation of actuator screw 154. As carriage 156 is slideably moved by rotation of actuator screw 154, ramps 164, 168 of endplates 110, 112 slide against each other, to cause the endplate to move along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis of the frame, to increase a height of the spacer. Rotation of actuator screw 154 in an opposite direction causes movement along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis of the frame to decrease a height of the spacer.

In FIG. 6, it may be seen that spacer 100 has an elongated, narrow profile, facilitating insertion from a lateral approach. Bone ingrowth apertures 332 may be provided, to promote the ingrowth of bone of the patient to further stabilize spacer 100, or to achieve fusion, should that be a therapeutic objective.

Polymeric insets, or a polymeric square nut, for example PEEK, can be provided, engageable with threads 158 or other portion of actuator screw 154, to provide additional friction to prevent height loss under load, particularly under cyclic loading. Similarly, once bone screws 300 have been inserted, blocking elements 196 may be rotated to extend over an end of bone screw head 302, preventing screw 300 from backing out. To enable insertion of bone screw 300, a notched portion 196A is formed in blocking element, and which may be rotated into a position adjacent aperture 118. A similar mechanical block (not shown) may be provided for actuator screw 154.

With reference to the figures, it may be seen that sockets 118 move with endplate 110 or 112, as spacer 100 expands to a final height, whereby sockets 118 overlie cortical bone of vertebrae 10, 12 after spacer 100 is expanded.

In an embodiment, spacer 100 of the disclosure provides an actuator that translates relative to the body by means of a threaded actuator screw 154. Ramps 168, 168A on a carrier 152 mate with ramps 164, 164A on endplates 110, 112. Linear translation of carriage 152 causes endplates 110, 112 to expand spacer 100 along an S/I axis with respect to the body.

In one embodiment, two bone screws 300 are used to provide fixation into adjacent vertebral bodies, a screw extended from each of endplates 110 and 112. Spacer 100 can thus be narrow, to therapeutically fit between vertebrae when inserted from a lateral approach. However, one screw, or more than two screws 300 may be used. Bone screws 300 can have spherical or otherwise curved heads, facilitating insertion at a desired angle, or may be provided to mate with socket 118 in a fixed orientation, for example depending on a diameter of a neck portion of screw 300. Cam type blocking fasteners 196 can be used to block bone screws 300 from backing out after being inserted.

Referring now to FIGS. 8-12, a spacer 100A is similar to spacer 100, however a fixation plate 210 is rotatably fastened to a collar 212 extending from frame 152A. The collar includes an interlock 214, in the example shown a twist-lock connector, although any means of mechanically fastening fixation plate 210 to the remainder of spacer 100A may be used, provided that fixation plate 210 and actuation screw 154 may be rotated as described herein. Fixation plate 210 enables spacer 100A to be inserted into the body with fixation plate 210 rotated to have a longitudinal axis aligned with a transverse axis of spacer 100A, whereby the combined spacer 100A and fixation plate 210 may have a reduced height, and whereupon a reduced sized incision may be used to implant spacer 100A with fixation plate attached. After implantation, fixation plate 210 may be rotated, for example about 90 degrees, so that sockets 118 overlie bone of adjacent vertebrae. Rotation may be any amount, however, for example 45 to 135 degrees.

Alternatively, spacer 100A may be implanted without fixation plate 210 attached, and through a reduced size incision, with less disturbance to body tissue. Fixation plate may then be attached to spacer 100A in situ. In this manner, fixation plate 210 may be inserted through the same entry as spacer 100A, with fixation plate 210 aligned along a longitudinal while being passed through the incision. Once positioned proximate spacer 100A, fixation plate 210 may be reoriented to be attached to spacer 100A, and rotated to align sockets 118 with bone. Rotation of fixation plate 210 can be performed after expansion of spacer 100A, facilitating alignment of sockets 118 with bone.

It should be understood that the various embodiments described herein with respect to spacer 100 and frame 152 may be applied equally to spacer 100A and frame 152A, and any other variants thereof described herein, and are described separately only to facilitate an understanding of each embodiment. More particularly, various embodiments of this disclosure are intended to be combinable in a manner that would be apparent to the practitioner and therapeutic for the patient.

In one embodiment, fixation plate 210 may only be attached to spacer 100 when a longitudinal axis of fixation plate 210 is substantially aligned with a transverse axis of spacer 100, and when fixation plate 210 is rotated to overlie bone, fixation plate 210 is securely affixed to spacer 100. For example, in FIG. 9, an embodiment of interlock 214 is illustrated, including flanges 216 which engage mating flanges 218 disposed upon fixation plate 210. Flanges 216, and or the mating flanges, can be ramped or cammed, so that when engaged, fixation plate 210 and spacer 100 become progressively more tightly interconnected.

In another embodiment, shown in FIGS. 13-17, fixation plate 210 is preliminarily held in place using a snap-fit connector 220, functioning to secure fixation plate to spacer 100, or cooperating with interlock 216. Snap-fit connector 220 forms at least a preliminary connection between fixation plate 210 and spacer 100, to facilitate handling by the medical practitioner. A plate mounting screw 334 may be connected, for example threaded into a threaded bore of actuator screw 154, to further secure fixation plate 210 to a remainder of spacer 100. Fixation plate may be rotated when connected by snap-fit connector 220. Set screws 226 may be passed through apertures 226A to affix fixation plate 210 once it has been rotated. Snap fit connector 220 comprises extension tangs 222 extend from spacer 100, and form a resilient interference fit with snap-fit aperture 224 upon fixation plate 210. Snap-fit aperture 224 may be formed upon spacer 100, and extension tangs may extend from fixation plate 210. Additionally, references to spacer 100 should be considered to include similar embodiments, including spacer 100A.

With reference to FIGS. 16 and 17, fixation plate 210A includes, in another embodiment of the disclosure, folding or hinged portions 228 which may contain sockets for bone screws 300 or other fastener. When inserting fixation plate 210A, hinged portions 228 are folded either on a lateral, longitudinal, or other axis of the fixation plate along one or more hinges 230, as shown in FIG. 11, to reduce a maximum dimensional profile of fixation plate 210A. In this manner, fixation plate 210A may pass through a reduced size incision as compared to a requirement for an unfolded fixation plate. In an embodiment, tangs or barbs 232 may extend from fixation plate 210 or 210A. to engage body tissue, for example cortical bone of a vertebra, to provide further fixation and stability when bone screws are passed through the fixation plate and into body tissue. Additionally, hinged portions 228 may be angled to permit a bone fastener passed therethrough, for example bone screw 300, to enter bone of the joint at a beneficial or desired angle.

Referring now to FIGS. 18-19, one or more expansion cams 240 are disposed between endplates 110, 112. A tool is inserted into a socket 242 which may be rotated to rotate the cam (as shown by arrows) to separate endplates 110, 112. Expansion cams 240 can be supported upon a shaft (not shown) connected to frame 152. Endplates 110, 112 can be supported and guided by ramp channels 164A, 168A, as described with respect to FIG. 5.

Turning now to FIGS. 20-22, in an alternative embodiment, endplates 110, 112 include one or more rotating endplate sections 250A, 250B which engage body tissue to therapeutically increase a height of spacer 100B. In the embodiment shown, two rotating endplates sections are illustrated, each containing a transverse dimension having a first width, and a second longitudinal dimension having a second, greater width. Spacer 100B can be inserted into the body with sections 250A, 250B rotated to have a same or lesser height than a remainder of spacer 100B, to reduce an incision size, and to fit within an opening formed between adjacent vertebrae. After spacer 100B has been positioned between vertebrae, sections 250A, 250B may be simultaneously or consecutively rotated to contact body tissue, for example cortical bone, to distract the joint. Section 250B is disposed on a proximal side of spacer 100B, and may be rotated by inserting a tool, for example tool 252, through or into a mating socket 254, and rotating tool 252. Sections 250A, 250B are rotatably coupled to spacer 100B by a pivot shaft, which may be engaged by tool 252, or by another mating engagement between section 250A, 250B and a remainder of spacer 100B, for example a flange (not shown).

Section 250A is inserted first into the body, and to facilitate insertion, and to reduce interference with body tissue, section 250A may be rotated so that section 250A and a remainder of spacer 100B form a compressed or unexpanded profile. For example, section 250A is rotated so that the longest dimension is transverse to an S/I orientation in the body, and is thus adapted to fit within a space formed between adjacent vertebrae prior to distraction. To distract the joint, tool 252 is inserted into an interior of spacer 100B, and is engaged with a socket 254 associated with section 250A, and is rotated to orient section 250A so that a tallest dimension is aligned with an S/I axis of the patient, distracting the joint.

With reference to FIG. 20, in one embodiment, section 250A fits between endplates 110, 112 when rotated in the transverse orientation, to facilitate insertion between vertebrae. After implantation, section 250A is pushed distally to emerge from between endplates 110, 112, whereupon it may be rotated to distract, aid in distraction, or maintain a separation of vertebrae. Tool 252 is connected to section 250A by a tether 256, operative to maintain section 250A in contact with a remainder of spacer 100B, in cooperation with a biasing element 258, disposed within tool 252. In FIG. 20, section 250A is illustrated in three stages of insertion, illustrated by 250A-1, 250A-2, and 250A-3. In the first stage, illustrated as 250A-1, tool 252 is engaged with section 250A and begins pushing section 250A along an interior of spacer 100B defined between endplates 110, 112. In the second stage, illustrated as 250A-2, tool 252 has pushed section 250A to an end of an interior of spacer 100B. In the third stage, illustrated as 250A-3, tool 252 has pushed section 250A to emerge from between endplates 110, 112, whereupon tool 252 may then rotate section 250A to orient a long axis of section 250 along an S/I orientation within the body. Tether 256 may be secured within spacer 100B to maintain section 250A in position at a distal end of spacer 100B. Tool 252 may then be disengaged from spacer 100B and removed from the patient. FIG. 21 illustrates section 250A oriented transverse to an S/I orientation, to reduce a height of spacer 100B. FIG. 22 illustrates section 250A rotated to distract or maintain a separation of vertebra. Projections 260 can be provided, oriented to pierce body tissue to foster maintenance of a position of spacer 100 within the body.

Referring now to FIGS. 23-24, fixation portions 124, 124A separate relative to each other as endplates 110, 112 are expanded as described herein. In this embodiment, fixation portions 124, 124A can slideably mate with an actuating section 208, or may only be affixed to their respective endplate 110, 112. One manner of forming a slidable mating connection is described with respect to FIGS. 31-33, herein. By remaining in a fixed position relative to their respective endplate 124, 124A, portions 124, 124A are properly aligned to secure a fastener through socket 118 into cortical bone of adjacent vertebrae 10, 12.

In FIGS. 25-26, a manner of connecting endplates 110, 112 to fixation portions 124, 124A is illustrated. Fixation portions 124, 124A and endplates 110, 112 are mutually shaped to be mateably connected, for example by a coupling fastener 262, in this embodiment a screw. In the embodiment shown, endplate 110 and fixation portion 124 are illustrated, however it should be understood that a similar or different connection mechanism may be employed for endplate 112 and fixation portion 124A.

A similar connection between endplate 110 and fixation portion 124 may be seen in FIG. 27, in which it may also be seen that screw 300 can be countersunk within fixation plate 124. Socket 118 may additionally be a polyaxial socket, and can include a blocking element 196. FIG. 28 illustrates that the in addition to, or in an alternative to the use of coupling fastener 262, endplate 110/112 and fixation portion 124/124A may be joined by shaped coupling, for example a dovetail, tounge-in-groove, or T-connection. As an alternative to coupling fastener 262, an adhesive may be used, or alternatively, the shaped coupling may produce an interference fit between endplate 110/112 and fixation portion 124/124A. While FIG. 28 illustrates fixation portion 124 (or 124A) inserted within endplate 110 (or 112), it should be understood that this configuration could be reversed, with endplate 110/112 inserted within fixation portion 124/124A.

In FIGS. 29-30, fixation portions 124, 124A swivel so that socket 118 can be positioned over cortical bone of a vertebra 10, 12. In the illustration, portions 124, 124A are connected, or are formed as a single rotating fixation plate 266, and rotate together about a single pivot. In FIGS. 29-30, the pivot is centrally located about the same axis as actuator screw 154, however the pivot may be located elsewhere. In one embodiment, an endplate pivot pin 274 extends between an endplate 110/112 and plate 266, causing plate 266 to rotate about the central axis as endplate 110/112 is moved with respect to the central axis. Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 30A, fixation portions 124, 124A may be separate, and each pivot on its own pivot, 264, 264A. In this embodiment, as well as other pivoting embodiments, one or more endplate pivot pins 274 may be provided to cause a controlled rotation of a rotatable plate, for example one or both of separated plates 124, 124A.

With reference to FIGS. 31-33, rotating fixation plate 268 is formed in two slidingly mateable plates 268A, 268B. An exemplary interconnection between plates 268A, 268B is illustrated in FIG. 33, in which a dovetail or interlocking engagement 270 may be seen. In this embodiment, interlocked plates 268A, 268B are secured in connection with a remainder of spacer 100, and rotate about, a pivot 272. In one embodiment, pivot 272 is associated with actuator screw 154. In a related embodiment, rotation of actuator screw 154 causes a rotation of plate 268 due to a mechanical connection between actuator screw 154 and plate 268. In another embodiment, pivot 272 is formed coaxial with, but separate from actuator screw 154.

Referring now to FIGS. 34-35, blades, spikes, pins, or piercing elements 276 are disposed within piercing guides 278 formed within spacer 100, for example within endplates 110, 112. Only relevant portions of spacer 100 are illustrated in FIGS. 34-35, to clarify this feature of the disclosure. In one form, piercing element 276A passes through a portion of ramp 164, and is pushed by ramp 168 as actuator screw 154 is rotated to engage mating ramps 164, 168. Piercing element emerges through endplate 110 or 112 to pierce body tissue, for example cancellous or cortical bone of adjacent vertebrae 10, 12. In this manner, spacer 100 is further affixed in a therapeutic location within the body. By providing additional fixation in the form of piercing elements 276, spacer 100 is better adapted to function without supplemental support, as a standalone device, without for example other fixation or fusing devices. Additionally, piercing elements herein can provide sufficient fixation so that a fixation portion 124, 124A can optionally be eliminated, and fixation exterior to the intervertebral space may be avoided.

In another embodiment shown in FIGS. 34-35, piercing element 280 is formed as a resilient curved member which is straightened as it is pushed by a portion of carriage 156. During straightening, piercing element 280 elongates to pass through endplate 110, 112 to pierce body tissue.

In FIGS. 36-37, bone screw 300A is formed with gear teeth 282 disposed to lie along a longitudinal axis of the screw, as well as standard bone engaging threads substantially transverse to this longitudinal axis. Actuator screw 154A includes external gear teeth 284 mateable with gear teeth 282 of bone screw 300A, whereby when either bone screw 300A or actuator screw 154A is rotated, endplates 110, 112 separate to increase a height of spacer 100, and bone screw 300A is simultaneously driven into body tissue to therapeutically secure implant 100 to bone.

FIGS. 38-40 illustrate a method of connecting endplate 110/112 to fixation portion 124/124A, using a mortise and tenon or dovetail connection 286. A keyed aperture 288 disposed within fixation portion 124 or endplate 110 mateably receives a correspondingly shaped projection 290 in the other of fixation portion 124 and endplate 110. A similar connection may be formed between fixation portion 124A and endplate 112. Aperture 288 and projection 290 may form an interference fit, or may alternatively be secure in mating conformity using a set screw or adhesive, for example.

With reference to FIG. 41, it may be seen that one or both of endplate 110, 112 may be beveled, truncated, fenestrated, or shaped with a gap, groove, or channel 292 in endplate 110, 112, dimensioned to permit passage of a bone screw 300, whereby a maximum height of spacer 100, with the exception of bone screw 300, is defined by an expanded height of endplates 110, 112. Channel 292 can allow passage of a shank 294, or any other portion of bone screw 300 or other fastener, so that socket 118 does not lie at a height greater than an endplate 110, 112.

Turning now to FIGS. 42-44, an embodiment of the disclosure includes one or more piercing elements 276A, pivotally mounted to rotatable deployers 310. Piercing elements 276A may have any shape which is adapted to pierce, grip, or engage body tissue, including pin, spike, or blade configurations. Although drawn as separate blades in FIG. 42, it should be understood that elements 276A may extend along a substantial length of a longitudinal axis of spacer 100, and may be supported by one, two, or more deployers 310. An axle, pin, or shaft 296 pivotably mounts deployer 310 to frame 152, carriage 156, or other mounting point of suitable strength, upon spacer 100, so that deployers 310 may rotate about a longitudinal axis aligned with a longitudinal axis of spacer 100, although mounting along a different axis can be provided. In FIGS. 42-44, spacer 100 is illustrated without endplates 110, 112 and associated ramps, to simplify the illustrations. It may be seen, however, that ramps 164, 168 may be reduced in size to allow room for one or more deployers 310.

In use, a tool (not shown) is engaged with an engagement port 198 and is rotated to rotate a deployer 310, to advance piercing element 276A through an opening or gap in an endplate 110/112. In one embodiment, piercing element 276A is fixed to an end of deployer 310, and enters body tissue at an angle with respect to a plane defined by an endplate 110/112. In the embodiment shown, piercing element is pivotally mounted to deployer 310 at pierce pivot 312, and can be guided, for example by guide 314, which may be a shaped channel in endplate 110/112, to enter body tissue, for example bone of a vertebra 10/12, substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by an endplate 110/112, or at a particular desired angle or within a range of angles. Piercing elements 276A therapeutically secure implant 100 to bone or body tissue of the joint.

FIGS. 45-47 contain elements analogous to FIGS. 42-44, however deployer 310 rotates about a common axis with actuator screw 154, and therefore relatively larger ramps 164, 168 can be maintained. Piercing elements 276B may further be longer, as a length of an arm 316 of deployer 310A may be longer.

In FIG. 48, a collar 320 is connected to deployer 310A, and rotates about a common axis with actuator screw 154, but may be rotated independently of actuator screw 154 using tool engagement port 322. In another embodiment, actuator screw is directly connected to deployer 310A, and causes deployment of piercing elements 276A as endplates 110, 112 are expanded as described herein. In a yet further embodiment, actuator screw rotates deployer 310A through a gear reduction (not shown), whereby deployer 310A rotates about the common axis more slowly than actuator screw 154, so that increased leverage may be applied to piercing elements 276A.

With reference to FIG. 49, in an embodiment of the disclosure, endplates 110, 112 can pivot about an axis 324 extending transverse to a longitudinal axis of spacer 100, or along an axis that extends along an S/I direction when spacer 100 is implanted within a patient. For example, one or more pivot pins 326 may extend from an endplate 110 to frame 152, or may extend from endplate 110 to endplate 112. In this manner, spacer 100 may accommodate an additional rotational degree of freedom, for example, spacer 100 may support six degrees of freedom of movement of adjacent vertebrae. This is accomplished in one embodiment by enabling movement of ramped surfaces 164, 168 with respect to each other, thereby enabling roll, pitch, and yaw of endplate 110/112 with respect to frame 152. While rotation about this axis is explicitly supported in this embodiment, it should be understood that all embodiments herein can be configured to support rotation about axis 324, as well. A rotating fixation plate, for example fixation plate 266, can be provided in this embodiment, as with other embodiments of the disclosure.

Implants of the disclosure enable a continuous expansion and retraction over a range of displacements according to predetermined dimensions of a specific spacer 100 design. This provides the ability to distract vertebral bodies to a desired height, but also to collapse the spacer 100 for repositioning, if therapeutically advantageous for the patient. Endplates 110, 112 may be shaped to form planes or surfaces which converge relative to each, to provide for proper lordosis, coronal correction, or kyphosis and can be provided with openings through which bone may grow, and into which bone graft material may be placed. Spacer 100 may be used to distract, or force bones of a joint apart, or may be used to maintain a separation of bones created by other means, for example retractor. Endplates 110, 112 may additionally be curved to conform to the surface of body tissue, for example the surface of cortical bone, of the vertebra to be contacted, for improved fixation and load bearing.

Spacer 100 may be fabricated using any biocompatible materials known to one skilled in the art, having sufficient strength, flexibility, resiliency, and durability for the patient, and for the term during which the device is to be implanted. Examples include but are not limited to metal, such as, for example titanium and chromium alloys; polymers, including for example, PEEK or high molecular weight polyethylene (HMWPE); and ceramics. There are many other biocompatible materials which may be used, including other plastics and metals, as well as fabrication using living or preserved tissue, including autograft, allograft, and xenograft material.

Portions or all of the implant may be radiopaque or radiolucent, or materials having such properties may be added or incorporated into the implant to improve imaging of the device during and after implantation.

For example, metallic portions 124, 124A of endplates 110, 112 may be manufactured from Titanium, or a cobalt-chrome-molybdenum alloy, Co—Cr—Mo, for example as specified in ASTM F1537 (and ISO 5832-12). The smooth surfaces may be plasma sprayed with commercially pure titanium, as specified in ASTM F1580, F1978, F1147 and C-633 (and ISO 5832-2). Polymeric portions 122, 122A may be manufactured from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE, for example as specified in ASTM F648 (and ISO 5834-2). In one embodiment, PEEK-OPTIMA (a trademark of Invibio Ltd Corp, United Kingdom) may be used for one or more components of spacer 100. For example, polymeric portions 122, 122A can be formed with PEEK-OPTIMA, which is radiolucent, whereby bony ingrowth may be observed. Other polymeric materials with suitable flexibility, durability, and biocompatibility may also be used.

In accordance with the invention, implants of various sizes may be provided to best fit the anatomy of the patient. Components of matching or divergent sizes may be assembled during the implantation procedure by a medical practitioner as best meets the therapeutic needs of the patient, the assembly inserted within the body using an insertion tool. Implants of the invention may also be provided with an overall angular geometry, for example an angular mating disposition of endplates 110, 112, to provide for a natural lordosis, or a corrective lordosis, for example of from 0° to 6° for a cervical application, although much different values may be advantageous for other joints. Lordotic angles may also be formed by shaping one or both of plates 110, 112 to have relatively non-coplanar surfaces. Expanded implant heights, for use in the vertebrae for example, may typically range from 3 mm to 25 mm, but may be larger or smaller, including as small as 2 mm, and as large as 30 mm, although the size is dependent on the patient, and the joint into which an implant of the invention is to be implanted. Spacers 100 may be implanted within any level of the spine, and may also be implanted in other joints of the body, including joints of the hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, or foot.

In accordance with the invention, a single spacer 100 may be used, to provide stabilization for a weakened joint or joint portion. Alternatively, two, three, or more Spacers 100 may be used, at a single joint level, or in multiple joints. Moreover, Spacers 100 may be combined with other stabilizing means.

Additionally, spacer 100 may be fabricated using material that biodegrades in the body during a therapeutically advantageous time interval, for example after sufficient bone ingrowth has taken place. Further, spacer 100 is advantageously provided with smooth and or rounded exterior surfaces, which reduce a potential for deleterious mechanical effects on neighboring tissues.

Any surface or component of the invention may be coated with or impregnated with therapeutic agents, including bone growth, healing, antimicrobial, or drug materials, which may be released at a therapeutic rate, using methods known to those skilled in the art.

Devices of the disclosure provide for adjacent vertebrae to be supported during flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. In one embodiment, spacer 100 is indicated for spinal arthroplasty in treating skeletally mature patients with degenerative disc disease, primary or recurrent disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or spondylosis in the lumbosacral spine (LI-ST). Degenerative disc disease is advantageously defined as discogenic back pain with degeneration of the disc confirmed by patient history and radiographic studies, with or without leg (radicular) pain. Patients are advantageously treated, for example, who may have spondylolisthesis up to Grade 2 at the involved level. The surgery position spacer 100 may be performed through an Anterior, Anterolateral, Posterolateral, Lateral, and/or posterior approach.

In a typical embodiment, spacer 100 has a uncompressed height, before insertion, of 2 to 25 mm, and may advantageously be provided in cross-sections of 23×32 mm, 26×38 mm and 26×42 mm, with 4, 8, 12, or 16 degree lordotic angles, although these are only representative sizes, and substantially smaller or larger sizes can be therapeutically beneficial. In one embodiment a spacer 100 in accordance with the instant disclosure is sized to be inserted using an MIS approach (a reduced incision size, with fewer and shorter cuts through body tissue).

Spacer 100 may advantageously be used in combination with other known or hereinafter developed forms of stabilization or fixation, including for example rods and plates.

All references cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. There are many different features to the present invention and it is contemplated that these features may be used together or separately. Unless mention was made above to the contrary, it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale. Thus, the invention should not be limited to any particular combination of features or to a particular application of the invention. Further, it should be understood that variations and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention might occur to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Accordingly, all expedient modifications readily attainable by one versed in the art from the disclosure set forth herein that are within the scope and spirit of the present invention are to be included as further embodiments of the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A spacer for maintaining a separation of bones of a joint, comprising: a frame having distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis extending therebetween; a carriage slideably coupled to the frame and having at least one ramped surface, wherein the carriage is at least partially supported laterally by the frame via two support screws that extend through respective channels in the frame to engage with the carriage; an actuator screw threadably engaged with said frame, said actuator screw configured to bear against said carriage to cause said carriage to slideably move within said frame when said actuator screw is rotated; a first endplate configured to engage a first bone of a joint, and having at least one surface mateable with said at least one carriage ramped surface, whereby when said carriage is slideably moveable by rotation of said actuator screw, said at least one endplate ramped surface slides against said at least one carriage ramped surface to cause said first endplate to move along an axis transverse to said longitudinal axis to increase a height of the spacer; and a second endplate configured to engage a second bone of the joint, wherein said first endplate includes at least one aperture through which a fastener may pass to secure said first endplate to the first bone of the joint wherein as the actuator screw is turned, a distal end of the actuator screw contacts a thrust washer and an end portion of the frame causing the first and second endplate to separate from one another.
 2. The joint spacer of claim 1, wherein the at least one ramped surface of said carriage includes at least two ramped surfaces, and said second endplate includes at least one ramped surface mateable with at least one of said at least two ramped surfaces of said carriage, whereby when said carriage is slideably moved by rotation of said actuator screw, said at least one second endplate ramped surface slides against one of the at least two ramped surfaces to cause said second endplate to move along an axis transverse to said longitudinal axis to increase the height of the spacer.
 3. The joint spacer of claim 1, wherein said second endplate includes at least one aperture through which a fastener may pass to secure said second endplate to the second bone of the joint.
 4. The joint spacer of claim 1, further including a blocking mechanism to prevent backing out of the fastener passed through said first endplate.
 5. The spacer of claim 1, wherein said at least one aperture movable with said first endplate as said first endplate is moved along said axis transverse to said longitudinal axis.
 6. A joint spacer for therapeutically maintaining a separation of bones of a joint, comprising: a frame having distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis extending therebetween; a carriage slideably retained within said frame and having at least one ramped surface, said carriage further including a flange, wherein the carriage is at least partially supported laterally by the frame via two support screws that extend through respective channels in the frame to engage with the carriage; an actuator screw threadably engaged with said frame, said actuator screw including a flange rotatably mateable with said carriage flange, whereby said carriage is slideably moved when said actuator screw is rotated; a first endplate configured to engage a first bone of a joint, and having at least one ramped surface mateable with said at least one carriage ramped surface, whereby when said carriage is slideably moved by rotation of said actuator screw in a first direction, said at least one endplate ramped surface slides against said at least one carriage ramped surface to cause said first endplate to move along an axis transverse to said longitudinal axis to increase a height of the spacer; and a second endplate configured to engage a second bone of the joint wherein as the actuator screw is turned, a distal end of the actuator screw contacts a thrust washer and an end portion of the frame causing the first and second endplate to separate from one another.
 7. The spacer of claim 6, wherein when said actuator screw is rotated in an opposite, second direction, said at least one endplate ramped surface is slideable against said at least one carriage ramped surface to cause said first endplate to move along the axis transverse to said longitudinal axis to decrease the height of the spacer.
 8. The spacer of claim 6, wherein said first endplate includes a metallic portion having an aperture through which a fastener may be passed for connecting the implant to body tissue, the first endplate further having a polymeric portion connected to said metallic portion, the polymeric portion sized and dimensioned to support a bone of the joint.
 9. A method for therapeutically maintaining a separation of bones of a joint, comprising: inserting a spacer between bones of the joint, the spacer including: a frame having distal and proximal ends defining a longitudinal axis extending therebetween; a carriage slideably retained within said frame and having at least one ramped surface, said carriage further including a flange, wherein the carriage is at least partially supported laterally by the frame via two support screws that extend through respective channels in the frame to engage with the carriage; an actuator screw threadably engaged with said frame, said actuator screw including a flange rotatably mateable with said carriage flange, whereby said carriage is slideably moved when said actuator screw is rotated; a first endplate configured to engage a first bone of a joint, and having at least one ramped surface mateable with said at least one carriage ramped surface, whereby when said carriage is slideably moved by rotation of said actuator screw in a first direction, said at least one endplate ramped surface slides against said at least one carriage ramped surface to cause said first endplate to move along an axis transverse to said longitudinal axis to increase a height of the spacer; and a second endplate configured to engage a second bone of the joint; the spacer inserted when said first endplate is positioned proximate said frame; and slideably moving, by rotation of said actuator screw, said at least one endplate ramped surface against said at least one carriage ramped surface to cause said first endplate to move along the axis transverse to said longitudinal axis to increase the height of the spacer to maintain a separation of bones of the joint, wherein at least one of said first endplate and second endplate includes at least one aperture through which a fastener may pass to secure said endplate to a bone of the joint wherein as the actuator screw is turned, a distal end of the actuator screw contacts a thrust washer and an end portion of the frame causing the first and second endplate to separate from one another. 